Pasquale Calabrese
Physical systems made of many interacting quantum particles can often be described by Euler hydrodynamic equations in the limit of long wavelengths and low frequencies. Recently such a classical hydrodynamic framework, dubbed Generalized Hydrodynamics (GHD), was found for quantum integrable models. Despite its great predictive power, GHD, like any Euler hydrodynamic equation, misses important quantum effects, such as quantum fluctuations leading to non-zero equal-time correlations. We reconstruct such quantum effects by quantizing linear fluctuations on top of GHD equations. The resulting theory of quantum GHD is a multi-component Luttinger liquid theory, with a small set of effective parameters that are fixed by the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz. It describes quantum fluctuations of truly nonequilibrium systems where conventional Luttinger liquid theory fails.