SPICE Workshop on Nanomagnetism in 3D, April 30th - May 2nd 2024
Amalio Fernandez-Pacheco
The extension of nanoscale magnetism to three dimensions opens exciting opportunities to explore new physical phenomena, and at the same opens fascinating prospects to create 3D magnetic devices [1].
However, the transition of nanomagnetism to three dimensions faces great challenges, the same as other nanotechnology fields. Specifically, the fabrication of 3D nanoscale materials is extremely difficult [2] and requires new patterning methods better suited for this purpose. In this tutorial, I will review some of the most promising emerging fabrication techniques for 3D nano-patterning of magnetic systems. Among them, methods to pattern magnetic materials in 3D such as focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) [3] and rolled-up technology [4]; and others to create 3D nano-templates like multi-photon polymerization [5] and multiple-angle ion tracking of membranes [6]. I will also show how these methods have been combined so far with thin film (physical, chemical) deposition methods to provide advanced magnetic functionality [7, 8].
After providing an introduction to the fundamentals of these techniques, I will describe recent key examples where these techniques have been used to explore new 3D magnetic effects. The last part of the tutorial will be devoted to introducing “f3ast”, the open-access software for nanoscale 3D printing by FEBID that our group has developed [9].
[1] Fernández-Pacheco, Amalio, et al. "Three-dimensional nanomagnetism." Nature communications 8.1 (2017): 15756.
[2] Guo, Xiaogang, Zhaoguo Xue, and Yihui Zhang. "Manufacturing of 3D multifunctional microelectronic devices: challenges and opportunities." NPG Asia Materials 11.1 (2019): 29.
[3] Fernández-Pacheco, Amalio, et al. "Writing 3D nanomagnets using focused electron beams." Materials 13.17 (2020): 3774.
[4] Streubel, Robert, Evgeny Y. Tsymbal, and Peter Fischer. "Magnetism in curved geometries." Journal of Applied Physics 129.21 (2021).
[5] Williams, Gwilym, et al. "Two-photon lithography for 3D magnetic nanostructure fabrication." Nano Research 11 (2018): 845-854.
[6] Burks, Edward C., et al. "3D nanomagnetism in low density interconnected nanowire networks." Nano letters 21.1 (2020): 716-722.
[7] Skoric, Luka, et al. "Domain wall automotion in three-dimensional magnetic helical interconnectors." ACS nano 16.6 (2022): 8860-8868.
[8] May, Andrew, et al. "Magnetic charge propagation upon a 3D artificial spin-ice." Nature Communications 12.1 (2021): 3217.
[9] Skoric, Luka, et al. "Layer-by-layer growth of complex-shaped three-dimensional nanostructures with focused electron beams." Nano Letters 20.1 (2019): 184-191.